The rate in the state of Minnesota, where George Floyd lived, increased from 10 police killings per million inhabitants the year before Floyd was killed to 13 including Floyd one year after his murder. This includes Daunte Wright who was shot and killed by police officer Kim Potter during a police stop on April 11, According to an analysis by Mapping Police Violence, despite only making up 13 percent of the US population, Black Americans are nearly three times as likely as white Americans to be killed by the police.
A further analysis performed by policeviolencereport. Out of 9, recorded police killings from to , police officers 1. Several events are planned across the country on May 25 to remember George Floyd and to reiterate calls for racial justice and police reform. Between and , 1, Black people died at the hands of the US police. The Police Threat to Political Liberty.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Comprehensive report on police spying, with separate chapters on Seattle, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Jackson, Mississippi. Bouza, Anthony. Plenum Press. The author, retired police chief of Minneapolis and long considered an innovative thinker, analyzes what's wrong with American policing. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Criminal Victimization in the United States , Government Printing Office.
Washington, D. National crime survey published annually by U. Department of Justice. Chevigny, Paul. Human Rights Watch. Review of potential federal remedies for police misconduct. Published in response to the Rodney King incident.
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies. Standards for Law Enforcement Agencies. These official standards for police departments are the bare minimum.
Revised regularly. Committee on the Judiciary of the U. Comprehensive survey of state open records laws. Compendium of International Civilian Oversight Agencies. Evanston, Illinois. Summaries and excerpts of materials on selected civilian review systems. Includes chart that compares systems. Quarterly newsletter published by community-based, volunteer organization that monitors police activity. Couper, David C. Police Executive Research Forum, Brochure that examines the issues of leadership, policy and organizational characteristics of police agencies.
Useful because it goes beyond such traditional methods of evaluating police departments as the crime rate, number of arrests, clearance rate, ratio of officers to citizens and response time.
Donner, Frank. University of California Press. Epic study of police role in suppressing grass roots social protest. Fyfe, James J. The first and still the most important study of the impact of restrictive shooting policies on police use of deadly force. Geller, William A. An important, very informative work about the use of deadly force by police officers. Goldman, Roger and Puro, Steven. The authors, based in St. Louis, are the nation's leading experts on police decertification.
Goldstein, Herman. Problem-Oriented Policing. The most important new concept in policing discussed by one of its creators. Matulia, Kenneth J. Second edition. International Association of Chiefs of Police. Gaithersburg, Maryland. Presents comparative data on use of deadly force. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
September Report to Mayor and City Council by special committee formed to propose specific structure for a new civilian review system. Analysis and evaluation of competing arguments regarding authority and role of civilian review.
New York Civil Liberties Union. Pate, Anthony and Edwin E. Police Foundation, Uses statistical analysis to compare departments' performance in many areas — firearm discharges; citizen complaints; race, gender and other characteristics of personnel; expenditures per citizen; recruitment, selection and entry requirements; salaries and benefits.
Reiss, Albert J. The Police and the Public. Yale University Press. New Haven, Connecticut. The most comprehensive sociological study of routine police work, based on direct observations. Los Angeles. July Includes recommendations for L. Ottawa, Canada. Extensive comparison charts on legislation that provides for Canadian civilian review systems.
Updated periodically. Sherman, Lawrence W. Crime Control Institute. Presents comparative data on police use of deadly force. The Quality of Police Arrest Statistics. The Police Foundation. Comparison study of how different police departments record arrests, and the impact different practices have on arrest statistics.
Commission on Civil Rights. A comprehensive review of police misconduct with the most complete set of recommendations to be found anywhere. Walker, Samuel. XI, No 4 Model computerized tracking program for incidents of abuse. Organized and supported by law enforcement agencies. Publishes a set of accreditation standards. Membership consists primarily of staff members of local civilian review agencies. Annual meeting. Periodically publishes a compendium of civilian review agencies. Box Gaithersburg, MD Primary professional association for chiefs of police.
Traditionally dominated by chiefs from small town police departments. Does not represent all local unions. Promotes civil rights through litigation, lobbying and community organizing. Pleasant St. Resource for community groups working on police abuse issues. Members include legal, advocacy, victims, minority police and religious organizations.
Plans for annual conference, newsletter and other forms of networking. National Urban League E. Conducts research and management consulting.
Issues position papers and policy statements on important issues in policing. Police Foundation 22nd St. Involved in some of the most important research projects in policing since the s. Police Watch S. Some training for police abuse litigators.
Data base on incidents of abuse in Southern California. But six years later, police abuse is still very much an American problem, as the following examples from three recent months demonstrate: In December , two men in two weeks died in handcuffs at the hands of the Palm Beach County sheriff's deputies in Florida.
Lyndon Stark, 48, died of asphyxia in a cloud of pepper spray while handcuffed behind the back in a prone position. Several days earlier, Kevin Pruiksma, 27, died after being restrained by a sheriff's deputy. DeSilva, who was unarmed, was suspected of driving a stolen car. In February , James Wilson, 37, an unarmed motorist, was kicked and punched by three Hartford, Connecticut police officers after a brief chase which ended in front of a Bloomfield, Connecticut police station.
The beating was so severe that a group of Bloomfield police intervened to stop it. He was struck. The range of police problems includes — 1 Excessive use of deadly force. Data on citizen complaints are difficult to interpret. Some examples — In , it was widely reported that San Francisco, with less than 2, police officers, had more citizen complaints than Los Angeles, which has more than 8, officers.
What that may mean, however, is that Los Angeles residents are afraid to file reports or don't believe it would do any good. San Francisco has a relatively independent civilian review process, which may encourage the filing of more complaints. Also in , New York City reported a decline from previous years in the number of citizen complaints filed. But many analysts believe that simply reflected New Yorkers' widespread disillusionment with their civilian review board.
Citizen complaints filed in Omaha, Nebraska doubled after the mayor allowed people to file their complaints at City Hall, as well as at the police department.
Another problem is that in some police departments with internal affairs systems, officers often try to dissuade people from filing formal complaints that will later become part of an officer's file. And the number of complaints counted is also affected by whether or not the internal affairs system accepts anonymous complaints and complaints by phone or mail, or requires in-person, sworn statements.
Do white officers shoot more often that black officers? Do young officers shoot more often than veteran officers? The police don't need more firepower. There are several ways to proceed — As an organizing strategy, demand that the police department publish this data, identify repeat shooters and take appropriate remedial action counseling, retraining, formal discipline, transfer, etc.
Alternatively, since it isn't essential that officers be identified by name, demand that they be identified simply by a code number, which can focus public attention on the problem of excessive shooters. Visit your local civilian review agency, if one exists. These agencies often have the authority to collect and release a range of information about local police conduct. There are three potential sources of data on police use of physical force — Data developed by community residents.
Community residents can make a significant contribution to documenting physical force abuses and, in the process, organize. They can bear witness to, and record, abuse incidents, take information from others who have witnessed incidents, refute police department arguments that there is no problem and help document the inadequacies of the police department's official complaint review process.
Police Watch in Los Angeles compiles such data. Check with your local ACLU to see if an organization in your community does the same. Formal complaints filed by citizens. Most police departments do not make this information public.
Some publish summary data in their annual report, so consult that document. In a number of cities, civilian review agencies publish it, so check with that agency in your city. Internal police reports. An increasing number of police departments require officers to fill out reports after any use of physical force. This is a larger set of data than the citizen complaints would provide, since many citizens don't file complaints even when they have cause to do so.
Ask to see physical force reports. One veteran of the struggle for civilian review has chronicled the stages of police opposition as follows — The "over our dead bodies" stage, during which the police proclaim that they will never accept any type of civilian oversight under any circumstances; The "magical conversion" stage, when it becomes politically inevitable that civilian review will be adopted.
At this point, former police opponents suddenly become civilian review experts and propose the weakest possible models; The "post-partum resistance" stage, when the newly established civilian review board must fight police opposition to its budget, authority, access to information, etc.
The three basic types of civilian review systems are — Type I. Persons who are not sworn officers conduct the initial fact-finding. They submit an investigative report to a non-officer or board of non-officers, who then make a recommendation for action to the police chief. This process is the most independent and most "civilian. Sworn officers conduct the initial fact-finding. They submit an investigative report to a non-officer or board of non-officers for a recommendation.
Type III. Sworn officers conduct the initial fact-finding and make a recommendation to the police chief. If the aggrieved citizen is not satisfied with the chief's action on the complaint, he or she may appeal to a board that includes non-officers. Obviously, this process is the least independent. Although the above are the most common, other types of civilian review systems also exist. Civilian review establishes the principle of police accountability.
Strong evidence exists to show that a complaint review system encourages citizens to act on their grievances. Even a weak civilian review process is far better than none at all. A civilian review agency can be an important source of information about police misconduct. A civilian agency is more likely to compile and publish data on patterns of misconduct, especially on officers with chronic problems, than is a police internal affairs agency.
New York state lawmakers proposed that individual officers carry liability insurance. Eventually, there will be a large civil payout for the death of George Floyd. Due to qualified immunity—the legislation that often prevents officers from facing civil culpability—officers are typically immune from the financial impacts of these civil payouts.
Since , St. What if this money was used for education and work infrastructure? Research suggests that crime would decrease. In health care, mistakes happen.
But, physicians and hospitals have malpractice insurance. In law enforcement, when there is a mistake, the city is typically on the hook. This was adapted from a podcast interview with the author. Structural changes are desperately needed in law enforcement.
I think they start with restructuring civilian payouts for police misconduct. Defund does not mean […].
Starting in mid-April, anti-COVID lockdown protestors stormed and shut down everything from statehouses to Subway restaurants with assault weapons and pipe wrenches. These protests are being framed around gun rights and free speech issues. Protests are allegedly about fully re-opening the economy following state-sanctioned shutdowns. Protestors appear to perceive that quarantine measures to keep them […]. Ryan Nunn and Jay Shambaugh explain whose wages are rising and why many Americans are experiencing weak wage growth.
Darrell West explains the different vote-by-mail systems and addresses fears over the political consequences of mail voting and potential for fraud. Voter Vitals Non-partisan, fact-based explainers on important issues for American voters. Multimedia Videos and podcasts on key election issues. About Policy Please log in to access our additional functions. Yes, let me download! Exclusive Corporate feature. Corporate Account. Statista Accounts: Access All Statistics.
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