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Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This cookie is set by Addthis. As Marc-Olivier Padis of the left-wing think tank Terra Nova puts it, "the words are the same but meaning has changed". Amid the shock and fear at being attacked from within, French people marched in support of freedom, spoke about brotherhood, and wanted to show solidarity.
But, says Marc-Olivier Padis, they also began a new debate. The concept of fraternity was somewhat neglected before the attacks, he says, but "because of them, fraternity has gained a new meaning; that it's not just an attachment to the country, but also to everyday relationships". If the questions are clear, the answers are not always easy.
And the Socialist government hasn't always seemed in step with its citizens. Its now-abandoned proposal to strip French nationality from dual-citizens convicted of terrorist offences sparked outrage from many within the president's own party, who said it flew in the face of France's cherished equality.
And what was also interesting about that, says Terra Nova's Marc-Olivier Padis, is that it showed the public "cares more about equality than about liberty". After the attacks, he says, "people are accepting of quite far-reaching security policies that would have been unacceptable a few years ago, but the dual-nationality debate shows how much we care about equality". In a country that sees itself as representing universal values, economic inequality is growing and divisions are appearing between generations, territories and ethnic groups.
Many Muslim and North African citizens complain of discrimination in a French state that doesn't officially recognise different ethnic or religious groups, while the status of France's Christian history is fiercely debated. Equality is at the core of France's political tradition, agrees Marc-Olivier Padis, and yet the welfare state doesn't seem able to stop the trend towards inequality, and the society doesn't seem to have any answers either.
Corinne Narassiguin worries that, in this climate, there's a risk the country will become more isolated. Another Socialist MP, Karine Berger, believes that, these days, "jealousy is more of a shared feeling than equality".
In some ways, the magazine itself has become a symbol, and each of its anniversaries covers a new thread woven into the new French identity. The monuments of Paris have often highlighted ideological issues around memorialisation in the city.
It was also scrawled with graffiti condemning terrorism and extremism in all its forms. Satire, after all, has a longer history than terrorism. Portsmouth Climate Festival — Portsmouth, Portsmouth. Edition: Available editions United Kingdom. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in.
Elizabeth Benjamin , Coventry University.
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